36?-67

Period Peter leads the new Christian Church, moves the church headquarters

from Jerusalem to Rome

36?-37

Paul of Tarsus has Stephen martyred and the Jerusalem church destroyed

37

Paul of Tarsus is converted (Acts 9)

37-41

Gaius Caligula emperor of Rome, declared himself god

37-41?

Marullus: Roman Prefect of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea)

40

Paul goes to Jerusalem to consult with Peter (Gal 1, 18-20)

41-54

Claudius emperor of Rome, killed by poisoning by his wife Agrippina

44

James, brother of John, executed by Herod Agrippa I (Acts 12, 1-3)

47-48

Paul and Barnabas on Cyprus (Acts 13, 4-12)

48-49

Council of Jerusalem, 1st Christian Council, doctrine regarding circumcision

and dietary law is agreed to by apostles and presbyters, written in a letter

addressed to "the brothers of Gentile origin in Antioch, Syria, and Cilicia"

(Acts 15)

48-57?

Paul writes Galations

49-50

Paul in Corinth (Acts 18)

50?

Peshitta translation begun, Hebrew OT->Syriac Aramaic, (Greek NT in 400)

50?

Ascension of Isaiah, original written in Hebrew (Ethiopic Bible)

51-52

Paul writes 1 Thes

51-52

Paul writes 2 Thes

53-62

Paul writes Phil

54-68

Nero emperor of Rome

56

Paul writes 1 Corin

57

Paul writes Romans

57

Paul writes 2 Corin

57

Paul's last visit to Jerusalem [Acts21]

58

Paul arrested, imprisoned in Caesarea [Acts25:4]

59

Nero kills his mother, Agrippina

60

Paul imprisoned in Rome (Acts 28,16)

61-63?

Paul? writes Ephesians

61-63

Paul writes Philemon

61-63

Paul writes Colossians

61-63?

Paul? writes 1,2 Timothy, Titus, known as "pastoral epistles"

62?

James written by leader of Jerusalem community? (Gal 2,9?), "catholic"

epistle

62

Paul martyred for treason in Rome

62

{Being therefore this kind of person [i.e., a heartless Sadducee], Ananus,

thinking that he had a favorable opportunity because Festus had died and

Albinus was still on his way, called a meeting [literally, "sanhedrin"] of

judges and brought into it the brother of Jesus-who-is-called-Messiah,

James by name, and some others. He made the accusation that they had

transgressed the law, and he handed them over to be stoned.}

[JA20.9.1,Marginal Jew,p.57]

62

Nero kills his wife Octavia and marries Poppaea Sabina

64

Great fire of Rome, started by Nero and blamed on Christians, {Therefore to

squelch the rumor , Nero

created scapegoats and subjected to the most refined tortures those whom

the common people called "Christians," [a group] hated for their abominable

crimes. Their name comes from Christ, who, during the reign of Tiberius, had

been executed by the procurator Pontius Pilate. Suppressed for the moment,

the deadly superstition broke out again, not only in Judea, the land which

originated this evil, but also in the city of Rome, where all sorts of

horrendous and shameful practices from every part of the world converge

and are fervently cultivated.} [Tacitus Annals 15.44;Marginal

Jew;Meier;p.89-90]

64-95?

1 Peter written in Rome, by Peter the apostle?, "catholic" epistle

65-125

Period in which 4 Gospels, Acts, Revelations, and remaining epistles written

- Peter martyred before 1st Holy Gospel is written, 7 Popes before last

epistle is completed

65?

Q written, (German:Quelle, meaning "source") a hypothetical Greek text used

in writing of Matthew and Luke

65-150

Didache: Instructions of the Apostles written

65-150

Dialogue of the Savior, Gospel of Peter

65-150

Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1224 fragments: pub. 1914

65-150

Gospel of Thomas written, based on Q?, pub. 1959, Greek originals: Papyrus

Ox. 1,654-5

65-175

Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 840 fragments: pub. 1908

65-175

Papyrus Egerton 2 (Unknown Gospel) fragments: pub. 1935/87, in Greek

from Palestine, one of the oldest extant Christian texts (~175)

65-250

Papyrus Fayum (P. Vindob. G. 2325) fragments: pub. 1887

65-350

"Jewish-Christian Gospels": 7 fragments of Gospel of the Ebionites and 7

fragments of Gospel of the Hebrews in Greek; 36 fragments of Gospel of the

Nazarenes in Aramaic; [Ref: NT Apocrypha, W. Schneemelcher, vol. 1]

66-70

Roman-Jewish War: final destruction of Second Temple (Herod's Temple)

67

Peter martyred, crucified upside down in Rome

67-78

Pope Linus, 2nd Pope, succeeds Peter (Linus mentioned in 2 Tm 4,21)

67

General Vespasian of Rome conquers Galilee

68

Nero commits suicide, resurrects as "Nero redivivus", Rev's 666? (see 81)

68

Galba emperor of Rome (6/68-1/69)

68

Qumran (Essenes?) community destroyed by Rome, site of Dead Sea Scrolls

found in 1949

69

Otho emperor of Rome (1/69-4/69)

69

Vitellius emperor of Rome (6/69-12/69)

69

Flavian Dynasty of Rome (Vespian, Titus, Domitian)

69-79

Vespian emperor of Rome, quells unrest in Rome and Jerusalem

70

Collapse of Jewish self-government in Judea and destruction of the Temple in

Jerusalem

70

Gospel according to Mark written in Rome, by Peter's interpreter? (1 Peter

5,13), original ending apparently lost, endings added c 400

70?

"Signs Gospel" written, hypothetical Greek text used in Gospel of John to

prove Jesus is the Messiah

70-640

Sanhedrin (High Court) period of Judaism, rise of house of Hillel

75-90

Gospel according to Luke written, based on Mark and Q

75-90

Acts of the Apostles written, same author as Gospel according to Luke

79-81

Titus emperor of Rome, eldest son of Vespasian

79-91

Pope Anacletus, 3rd Pope, known as "blameless" (as in Titus 1,7?)

79

Mt Vesuvius, volcano overlooking Naples Bay, erupts, engulfs Pompeii

80-85

Gospel according to Matthew written, based on Mark and Q, most popular in

early Church

81-96

Domitian emperor of Rome, son of Vespasian, "Nero redivivus?" (see 68)

81-96

Revelations written, by John (son of Zebedee) and/or a disciple of his

90-100

1 John written, by author(s) of 4th gospel, "catholic" epistle

90-100

2,3 John written, by "elder", disciple of John (son of Zebedee)?, "catholic"

epistle

90-100

Gospel according to John written, by John (son of Zebedee) and others, only

eyewitness to Jesus?, disciple Jesus loved?, Gnostic?

90?

Josephus claims exactly 22 Jewish (OT) books: 5 Law, 13 History, 4 Hymns

91-101

Pope Clement I, 4th Pope, (mentioned in Phil 4,3), wrote letter to Corinth in

95 called "1 Clement"

94

"Jewish Antiquities", by Josephus in Aramaic, trans. to Grk., Testimonium

Flavianum: {At this time there appeared Jesus, a wise man. For he was a

doer of startling deeds, a teacher of people who receive the truth with

pleasure. And he gained a following both among many Jews and among many

of Greek origin. And when Pilate, because of an accusation made by the

leading men among us, condemned him to the cross, those who had loved him

previously did not cease to do so. And up until this very day the tribe of

Christians (named after him) has not died out.} [JA18.3.3 Meier redaction,

Marginal Jew, p.61]

96?

Hebrews written, by ?

96-98

Nerva emperor of Rome

98-116

Trajan emperor of Rome, Roman empire reaches maximum size

100?

Odes of Solomon, written in Greek or Syriac, ref by John? (Apocrypha)

100?

Epistle of Barnabas, Christian exegesis of LXX (AF = Apostolic Fathers)

100?

2 Clement, an old sermon but not by Clement (AF = Apostolic Fathers)

100?

2 Esdras (Vg:4 Esdras), Hebrew?, claims 24 OT books (Vulgate & Peshitta)

100?

Apocalypse of Baruch (2 Baruch:Syriac, 3 Baruch:Greek) (Peshitta)

100?

Paralipomena of Jeremiah (4 Baruch), written in Hebrew (Ethiopic Bible)

100?

Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, Aramaic and Hebrew fragments found

at Qumran Caves 1,4 (Armenian Bible)

100?

Jude written, probably by doubting relative of Jesus (Mark 6,3), rejected by

some early Christians due to its reference to apocryphal Book of Enoch

(v14), "catholic" epistle

100-125?

2 Peter written, by ?, not accepted into canon until early 400s, drew upon

Epistle of Jude, "catholic" epistle

100-150

Secret Book (Apocryphon) of James, Gospel of Mary Magdalene, Infancy

Gospels of Thomas and James, Secret Gospel (of Mark) (Complete Gospels)

101-109

Pope Evaristus, 5th Pope

109-116

Pope Alexander, 6th Pope

110?

Letter of Polycarp to the Philippians, written by Polycarp (160) (AF)

110?

"Letters of Ignatius", bishop of Antioch, martyred in Rome, his letters were

subjected to heavy Christian forgery esp. 4th cent. (Apostolic Fathers)

116-125

Pope Sixtus I, 7th Pope

117-138

Hadrian emperor of Rome, builds wall across Britain

125-350

Period of Christianity during which the first Bible was assembled - Christians

are fiercely persecuted and then finally tolerated by the Roman Empire, Great

Plague in Rome

125-136

Pope Telesphorus, 8th Pope, martyred

125?

Papyrus 52: oldest extant NT fragment, p.1935, parts of Jn18:31-33,37-38

125?

Shepherd of Hermas, written in Rome (AF = Apostolic Fathers)

130-200

"Christian Apologists" writings against Roman Paganism by: Justin Martyr

(165), Athenagoras (180?), Aristides (145?), Theophilus of Antioch (185?),

Tatian (170), Quadratus (130?), Melito of Sardis (180?), Apollinaris of

Hierapolis (180?), also Epistle to Diognetus in Apostolic Fathers

130?

"Gospel of Basilides", a 24 book commentary?, lost

130?

Papias, bishop of Hierapolis in Asia Minor, wrote: "Expositions of the Sayings

of the Lord", lost, widely quoted, see Eusebius (340) (AF)

130?

Aquila of Pontus, Roman convert to Christianity then to Judaism, student of

Rabban Gamaliel, compiled literal Greek OT translation in Jabneh (Jamnia)

132-135

Bar Kokhba Revolt: final Jewish revolt, Judea and Jerusalem erased from

maps, all of southern Syria renamed Palestine (coined by Herodotus)

138-161

Antoninus Pius emperor of Rome

138-142

Pope Hyginus, 9th Pope

140

Letters of Marcion, produces his own canon without OT and using only a

heavily edited Luke + 10 Pauline Epistles, cites "Western" Gospel text-type

140?

Apocalypse of Peter, written in Greek [NT Apocrypha,Schneemelcher,v.2]

142-155

Pope Pius I, 10th Pope

150?

Gospel of the Egyptians, Coptic translation of orig. Greek (Nag Hammadi)

150?

"Western Revisor" adds/subtracts from original Acts to produce "Western"

version which is 10% larger and found in Papyrus P29,38,48 and Codex

Bezae (D)

150?

Papyrus Chester Beatty 6: R963, Greek Num 5:12-36:13, Deut 1:20-34:12

155-166

Pope Anicetus, 11th Pope

160?

Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, martyred at age 86: "Let. to Philip." (110)

160?

Martyrdom of Polycarp, in Greek (Apostolic Fathers, ISBN:0-8010-5676-4)

161-180

Marcus Aurelius emperor of Rome

164-180

Great Plague in Roman Empire

166-174

Pope Soter, 12th Pope, moved Easter from Nisan 14 to following Sunday

170

Letters of Irenaeus, bishop of Lyons, cites "Western" Gospel text-type

170

Christian council on Montanist sect in Asia Minor

170

Letters of Dionysius, bishop of Corinth, claims Christians were changing and

faking his own letters just as [he knew] they had changed the Gospels

170

Tatian produces "Diatessaron" (Harmony) by blending 4 "Western" text-type

Gospels into 1

170?

Symmachus, an Ebionite, writes an entirely new Greek OT translation

174-189

Pope Eleutherius, 13th Pope

175?

Acts of Paul (inc. 3 Cor.), in Greek [NT Apocrypha,Schneemelcher,v.2]

180-192

Commodus emperor of Rome

185-350

Canon Muratorian, 1st extant for NT?, written in Rome by Hippolytus?,

excludes Hebrews, James, 1-2 Peter, 3 John; includes Wisdom of Solomon,

Apocalypse of Peter

189-198

Pope Victor I, 1st Latin Pope, 14th Pope, excommunicated Eastern churches

that continued to observe Easter on Nisan 14 "Quartodeciman", (see 166,

190)

190

Christian council to determine "official" date of Easter

193-211

Septimius Severus emperor of Rome

197

Writings of Apollonius, uses the term "catholic" in reference to 1 John

198-217

Pope Zephyrinus, 15th Pope

200

Bishop of Antioch notes Gospel of Peter (see 65?) being used in Cilicia

200?

Papyrus 66: 2nd Bodmer, John, 1956, "Alexandrian/Western" text-types:

Jn 1:1-6:11,35-7:52;8:12-14:26,29-30;15:2-26;16:2-4,6-7,10-

20:20,22-23,25-21:9

200?

Papyrus 75: Bodmer 14-15, Luke & John, earliest extant Luke, ~Vaticanus;

Lk3:18-22,33-4:2,34-5:10,37-6:4,10-7:32,35-39,41-43,46-9:2,4-

17:15,19-18:18; 22:4-24:53; Jn1:1-7:52;8:12-11:45,48-57;12:3-

13:1,8-9;14:8-30;15:7-8

200?

Papyrus 46: 2nd Chester Beatty, "Alexandrian" text-type: Rm5:17-6:3,5-

14;8:15-25,27-35,37-9:32;10:1-11:22,24-33,35-15:9,11-16:27;Hb1:1-

9:16,18-10:20,22-30,32-13:25;1Cr1:1-9:2,4-14:14,16-15:15,17-

16:22;2Cr1:1-11:10,12-21,23-13:13;Ep1:1-2:7,10-5:6,8-6:6,8,20-

24;Gl1:1-8,10-2:9,12-21;3:2-29;4:2-18,20-5:17,20-6:8,10-

18;Ph1:1,5-15,17-28,30-2:12,14-27,29-3:8,10-21;4:2-12,14-

23;Cl1:1-2,5-13,16-24,27-2:19,23-3:11,13-24;4:3-12,16-

18;1Th1:1,9-2:3;5:5-9,23-28

200?

Papyrus 32: J. Rylands Library: Titus 1:11-15;2:3-8

200?

Papyrus 64 (+67): Mt3:9,15;5:20-22,25-28;26:7-8,10,14-15,22-23,31-

33

200?

Old Syriac (Aramaic) Gospels, Syr(s) & Syr(c), of "Western" text-type

200?

Latin Bible translations begun in Carthage?, originals no longer extant

200?

Sahidic Coptic cop(sa) Bible translations written in Alexendria

212-217

Geta then Caracalla emperors of Rome

217-236

Anti-Pope Hippolytus, bishop of Rome, "Logos" sect, 1st Anti-Pope

(illegitimate claimants of or pretenders to the papal throne)

217-222

Pope Callistus I, 16th Pope

218-222

Heliogabalus emperor of Rome

220

Goths invade Asia Minor and Balkans

220?

Clement of Alexandria, b.150?, bishop, cites "Alexandrian" NT text-type &

Secret Gospel of Mark & Gospel of the Egyptians; wrote: "Exhortations to the

Greeks";"Rich Man's Salutation";"To the Newly Baptized"; (Loeb Classics)

222-230

Pope Urban I, 17th Pope

222-235

Alexandar Severus emperor of Rome

223?

Tertullian, wr: "de Spectaculis" (Latin): v30.6 cites rumor Jesus son of

prostitute, coined "New Testament", cites "Western" Gospel text-type (Loeb)

225?

Papyrus 45: 1st Chester Beatty, Gospels (Caesarean), Acts (Alexandrian):

Mt20:24-32;21:13-19;25:41-26:39; Mk4:36-40;5:15-26,38-6:3,16-

25,36-50;7:3-15 ,25-8:1,10-26,34-9:9,18-31;11:27-12:1,5-8,13-

19,24-28; Lk6:31-41,45-7:7;9:26 -41,45-10:1,6-22,26-11:1,6-25,28-

46,50-12:12,18-37,42-13:1,6-24,29-14:10,17-33; Jn10:7-25,30-

11:10,18-36,42-57; Ac4:27-36;5:10-21,30-39;6:7-7:2,10-21,32-

41,52-8:1,14-25,34-9:6,16-27,35-10:2,10-23,31-41;11:2-14,24-

12:5,13-22;13:6-16,25-36,46-14:3,15-23;15:2-7,19-27,38-16:4,15-

21,32-40;17:9-17

225?

Papyrus 967: Chester Beatty 9, Greek Ezekiel 11:25-end, ~Codex Vaticanus

230-236

Pope Pontian, 18th Pope

230-250

Christian council of Rome, Demetrius bishop of Alex. condemns Origen who in

248 cited a rumor recorded by Celsus that "Jesus fabricated the account of

his birth from a virgin. In reality, Jesus' mother was driven out by the

carpenter husband to whom she was betrothed because she had committed

adultery with a [Roman] soldier named Panthera [thus the ben Pantere of

Jewish sources]. Left poor and homeless, she gave birth to Jesus in secret.

Jesus later spent time in Egypt, where he hired himself out as a laborer,

learned magic, and so came to claim the title of God." [CC1.28-32, Marginal

Jew, Meier, p. 223]

236-238

Maximus emperor of Rome, ends Christian schism in Rome by deporting Pope

Pontian and anti-Pope Hippolytus to Sardinia where they soon die

236-237

Pope Anterus, 19th Pope

237-250

Pope Fabian, 20th Pope

238-244

Gordian I, II, Balbinus, Pupienus, Gordian III emperors of Rome

240-250

Christian council of Carthage

244-249

Philip the Arabian emperor of Rome

249-251

Decius emperor of Rome

249

Rome celebrates 1000th anniversary

250

Rome steps up persecution of Christians, martyrs revered as saints

250

Letters of Methodius, Pistis Sophia, Porphyry Tyrius; church fathers

250?

Mandeans (followers of John the Baptist) begin compilation of "Ginza"

250?

Papyrus 72: Bodmer 5-11+, pub. 1959, "Alexandrian" text-type: Nativity of

Mary; 3Cor; Odes of Solomon 11; Jude 1-25; Melito's Homily on Passover;

Hymn fragment; Apology of Phileas; Ps33,34; 1Pt1:1-5:14; 2Pt1:1-3:18;

250?

Papyrus Chester Beatty: #5:R962: Gn8:13-9:2,24:13-46:33,Enoch91-105;

#7: I8:18-19:13,38:14-45:5,54:1=60:22; #8: Jr4:30-5:24; #10: Dn1-

12:13(+Add),Bel4-39,Sus5-end,Esther1:1a-8:6(+Add)

251-253

Gallus emperor of Rome

251-253

Pope Cornelius, 21st Pope

251-258

Anti-Pope Novatian, decreed no forgiveness for sins after baptism

253-260

Valerian emperor of Rome, executes all Bishops, Priests, and Deacons

253-254

Pope Lucius I, 22nd Pope

254

Letters of Origen, Jesus and God one substance, adopted at Council of Nicaea

in 325, compiled "Hexapla": 6 versions of LXX side by side: Hebrew, Hebrew

transliterated in Greek, Aquila's Greek trans., Symmachus' Greek trans.,

Origen's revised LXX Greek trans., Theodotion's revised LXX; also

Quinta/Sexta/Septima trans., Tetragrammaton in square Hebrew script;

cites "Alexandrian" & "Caesarean" NT text-types; Eusebius claimed Origen

castrated himself for Christ due to Mt19:12 [EH6.8.1-3]

254-257

Pope Steven I, 23rd Pope, major schism over rebaptizing heretics and

apostates

257-258

Pope Sixtus II, 24th Pope, martyred

257

Visigoths and Ostrogoths invade Black Sea area, Franks invade Spain

258

Letters of Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, cites "Western" NT text-type, claims

Christians are freely forging his letters to discredit him

260-268

Gallienus emperor of Rome, reverses Valerian, restores Roman Church

260-268

Pope Dionysius, 25th Pope, rebuilds Roman Church after Valerian's massacre

264-268

Christian council on Paul of Samosata, Bishop of Antioch, founder of

Adoptionism (Jesus was human until Holy Spirit descended at his baptism)

264?

Letters of Dionysius, bishop of Alexandria, b.190?

268

Goths sack Athens, Sparta, Corinth

268-270

Claudius II emperor of Rome

269-274

Pope Felix I, 26th Pope

270-275

Aurelian emperor of Rome

275-283

Pope Eutychian, 27th Pope, decreed that only beans and grapes be blessed at

Mass

275?

Papyrus 47: 3rd Chester Beatty, ~Sinaiticus, Rv9:10-11:3,5-16:15,17-

17:2

276-282

Marcus Aurelius Probus emperor of Rome

276

Mani, b.215, crucified, founder of Manichaean Christian sect in Persia

283-296

Pope Gaius, 28th Pope

284-305

Diocletian emperor of Rome, notorius persecuter of Christians

285

Roman empire partitioned into Western and Eastern empires

290-345

St Pachomius establishes 1st monastery in Egypt

296-304

Pope Marcellinus, 29th Pope, apostate, offered pagan sacrifices for

Diocletian

300?

Bohairic Coptic cop(bo) Bible translations written in Alexandria

300?

Hesychius of Alex., martyr, translates Hebrew OT to Greek, lost [Jerome]

300?

Papyrus Berlin Codex of Greek Genesis; Papyrus Bodmer 24 of Greek Psalms;

Codex Freer of Greek Minor Prophets; all published in 1927

300?

other 3rd century NT witnesses: P1:Mt1:1-9,12,14-20 P4:Lk1:58-59,62-

2:1, 6-7;3:8-4:2,29-32,34-35;5:3-8,30-6:16 P5:Jn1:23-31,33-

40;16:14-30;20:11-17, 19-20,22-25 P9:1Jn4:11-12,14-17 P12:Hb1:1

P15:1Cr7:18-8:4 P20:Jm2:19-3:9 P22:Jn15:25-16:2,21-32

P23:Jm1:10-12,15-18 P27:Rm8:12-22,24-27,33-9:3,5-9 P28:Jn6:8-

12,17-22 P29:Ac26:7-8,20 P30:1Th4:12-13,16-17;5:3,8-10,12-18,25-

28;2Th1:1-2 P38:Ac18:27-19:6,12-16 P39:Jn8:14-22 P40:Rm1:24-

27,31-2:3;3:21-4:8;6:4-5:16;9:16-17:27 P48:Ac23:11-17,23-29

P49:Ep4:16-29,31-5:13 P53:Mt26:29-40;Ac9:33-10:1 P65:1Th1:3-

2:1,6-13 P69:Lk22:41,45-48,58-61 P70:Mt2:13-16,22-3:1;11:26-

27;12:4-5;24:3-6,12-15 P80:Jn3:34 P87:Pm13-15,24-25

#0171:Mt10:17-23,25-32;Lk22:44-56,61-64 #0189:Ac5:3-21

#0220:Rm4:23-5:3,8-13 #0212(Diatessaron):Mt27:56-57;Mk15:40-

42;Lk23:49-51,54;Jn19:38

303-311

Last persecution of Christians in Rome

304

Letters of Victor, bishop of Pettau

306-337

Emperor Constantine the Great, convert to Christianity

306-312

Maxentius emperor of Western Roman Empire

306-308

Pope Marcellus I, 30th Pope, tried removing prior Pope Marcellinus from

official records for apostasy, exiled from Rome by Maxentius for disturbing

the peace

310

Pope Eusebius, 31st Pope, deported to Sicily with anti-Pope Heraclius by

Maxentius

311-314

Pope Miltiades, 32nd Pope, Constantine gives Fausta's palace as papal

residence

312

Lucian, founded Exegetical School of Antioch, martyred

312

Constantine defeats Maxentius at Milvian Bridge, reunites Roman Empire

313

Edict of Milan, Constantine establishes toleration of Christianity

313

Miltiades excommunicates Donatus for requiring rebaptism of apostates

314-335

Pope Silvester I, 33rd Pope

314

Council of Arles, called by Constantine against Donatist (Donatus) schism

317

Letters of Lactantius, early Christian church father

321

Constantine decrees Sunday as offical Roman-Christian day of rest

325

Council of Nicaea, called by Constantine against Arianism (336), called 1st

great Christian council by Jerome, 1st ecumenical, 318 bishops attend,

Nicaean Creed

325?

Fayyumic Coptic cop(mf) translation fragment of John 6:11-15:11

330

Old Saint Peter's Basilica dedicated by Constantine, located over the

traditional burial site of Saint Peter the Apostle in Rome on Vatican Hill

331

Seat of Roman Empire moved to Constantinople (formally Byzantium)

336-337

Pope Mark, 34th Pope

336

Arius, Greek theologian - Arianism (Jesus was a created being)

337-350

Roman empire splits again, Constans emperor of West until 350

337-361

Roman empire splits again, Constantius emperor of East until 361

337-352

Pope Julius I, 35th Pope

338

Jewish calendar modified with different year lengths to correct to Solar

340?

Eusebius of Caesarea (260-340), theologian & church historian, cites

"Caesarean" NT text-type, wrote: "Ecclesiastical History" (EH); Loeb

Classics: 2 volumes {Papias, bishop of Hierapolis (130?), claims that John

the Elder, a disciple of Jesus, told him that Mark "was the interpreter of

Peter and wrote down carefully what he remembered of what had been said

or done by the Lord, but not in the right order." Also claims that "Matthew

composed the sayings in Hebrew [more likely Aramaic] and each one

translated them as he could."} [Ref: EH3.39.15, Unauthorized Version, Fox,

p.126-127] Eusebius' NT Canon: Recognized Books: 4 Holy Gospels, Acts, 14

Pauline Epistles, 1Jn, 1Pt; Disputed Books: Rev, James, Jude, 2Pt, 2-3Jn,

Acts of Paul, Hermas, Apocalypse of Peter, Barnabas, Didache, Gospel of the

Hebrews; Rejected Books: Gospels of Peter, Thomas, Matthias, Acts of

Andrew, John ... [EH3.25], used the term "catholic" to refer to all seven

epistles - James; 1,2,3 John; 1,2 Peter; Jude

350-400

Period of time between the 1st Christian Bible and the 1st Western Christian

Bible, during which the books contained in Bibles varied

350

Letters of Adamantius, Firmicus Maternus; early Christian church fathers

350?

Codex Sinaiticus (S or ): earliest Christian Bible, (LXX - 2-

3Maccabees - Psalms of Solomon - Ps151 + 27NT + Barnabas + Hermas),

missing Hermas31.7-end; of "Alexandrian" text-type: most accurate text-

type

350?

Codex Vaticanus (B): earliest Christian Bible (LXX - 1-4Maccabees - Psalms

of Solomon - Ps151 + 27NT), missing Gn1-46:28, Ps105:27-137:6, 1Tm-

Phm, Heb9:14-end; of "Alexandrian" text-type: most accurate text-type

350?

Papyrus Antinoopolis of Book of Proverbs in Greek, published in 1950

350?

Papyrus Chester Beatty: #4:R961: Greek Gn9:1-44:22; #11: Greek

Sir36:28- 37:22,46:6-47:2; #12: Greek Enoch93:12-13,94:7-8,97:6-

104:13,106:1-107:3

350?

Papyrus Bodmer 45-46: Greek Susanna, Daniel 1:1-20 (Theodotion's LXX)

350?

Canon Cheltenham: 24NT books (excludes James, Jude, Hebrews)

350?

Akhmimic cop(ac) & Sub-Akhmimic cop(ac2) Coptic translations of John

350?

Ulfilas, apostle to the Goths (Germans), translates Greek NT to Gothic

352-366

Pope Liberius, 36th Pope

354-430

St. Augustine, Latin Bishop considered the founder of formalized Christian

theology, church father

355-365

Anti-Pope Felix II, Arianism (336), supported by Constantius II

360

Huns invade Europe, scrolls begin to be replaced by books (Codex)

361-363

Julian the Apostate emperor of East, attempts to revive Paganism

363

Council of Laodicea names 26 NT books (excludes Revelations)

363

Letters of Marius Victorinus, Acacius of Caesarea; early church fathers

364

Council of Laodicea decrees death for Christians who keep 7th day Sabbath

366-384

Pope Damasus I, 37th Pope, hired thugs to massacre rival Ursinians

(Liberians)

366-367

Anti-Pope Ursinus, leader of supporters of former Pope Liberius

367

Athanasias, bishop of Alexandria, first citing of modern 27 NT canon

367

Letters of Hilary of Poitiers, Lucifer of Calaris; early church fathers

367

Athanasius, d.373, bishop of Alexandria, first cite of modern 27NT canon

370

Epiphanius, bishop of Salamis, Cyprus; cites 27NT + Wisdom of Solomon

370

Doctrine of Addai at Edessa proclaims 17 book NT canon using Diatessaron

(instead of the 4 Gospels) + Acts + 15 Pauline Epistles (inc. 3 Corinthians)

373

Letters of Ephraem Syrus, cites "Western" Acts text-type

378

Letters of Titus of Bostra, Ambrosiaster, Priscillian; church fathers

379-395

Theodosius the Great, last emperor of the united empire

380

Feb 27, Christianity declared official state religion by Theodosius

381

Council of Theodosius at Constantinople, 2nd ecumenical, Jesus had true

human soul

382-384

Pope Damasus I has Jerome revise and unify Latin Bibles

383

Roman legions begin to evacuate Britain

384

Jerome presents Pope Damasus I with new Latin Gospels, originals lost

384-399

Pope Siricius, 38th Pope, criticized Jerome

390

Apollinaris of Laodicea, Jesus had human body but divine spirit

390

Letters of Tyconius, Gregory of Nyssa, Didymus of Alex.; church fathers

391?

Ammianus Marcellinus, b.330, Christian historian, wrote: "Res gestae"

393,397

Augustine's Councils, cites exactly 27 NT books (see 354)

395

Theodosius prohibits practice of Pagan rituals including Olympic Games

395

Ausonius, b.310?, Christian governor of Gaul; Loeb Classics 2v (Latin)

396

Alaric, king of the Visigoths, plunders Athens

397

Ambrose, b.333?, bishop & governor of Milan, wrote: "de Fide" ...

399-401

Pope Anastasius I, 39th Pope

400-484

Era between 1st Western Christian Bible and the Great Schism - Christian

doctrine is formed, Roman empire ends

400?

Vulgate Bible, by Jerome?, (340?-420) originals lost, Vulgate Latin text

becomes standard Western Christian Bible

400?

Jerome cites "expanded" ending in Mark after Mark 16,14

400?

Jerome adds Pericope of the Adultress (John 7,53-8,11)

400?

Codex Vercellensis it(a): Latin Gospels, of "European" text-type

400?

Peshitta Bible, Syriac (Aramaic) Vulgate, Syr(p), OT + 22 NT, excludes:

2Pt, 2-3Jn, Jude, Rev; Peshitta becomes standard Syrian Christian Bible

400?

Codex Bobiensis it(k): ~half of Mt/Mk in Latin, "African" (Carthage) text-

type, has "shorter" ending of Mark after Mk16:8

401-417

Pope Innocent I, 40th Pope, decreed Roman custom the norm for Christianity

401

Visigoths invade Italy

403

Letters of Epiphanius of Constantia, John Chrysostom; church fathers

410

Visigoths sack Rome under king Alaric

414

Letters of Nicetas of Remesiana, Orosius; early Christian church fathers

415

Bishop Cyril of Alex. (444) expels Jews, kills Hypatia with oyster shells

416

Visigoths take Spain

417-418

Pope Zosimus, 41st Pope

418-422

Pope Boniface I, 42nd Pope

418-419

Anti-Pope Eulalius

418

Franks take Gaul

420

St. Jerome, (S.E. Hieronymus), b.340?, Latin scholar; (Loeb Classics)

422-432

Pope Celestine I, 43rd Pope

423

Theodoret, bishop of Cyrrhus, notes Tatian's Harmony (170) in heavy use

431

Council of Ephesus, 3rd ecumenical, decreed Mary the Mother of God

429

Picts and Scots expelled from southern England by Anglo-Saxon-Jutes

430

St. Augustine, b.354, origin of "Original Sin," church father & philosopher,

wrote: "The City of God", "Confessions"; Loeb Classics 10 v. (Latin)

430

Letters of Marcus Eremita, Nilus of Ancyra; Christian church fathers

431

Syrian Christianity splits into East (Nestorian-disagreed with Council of

Ephesus) and West (Jacobites)

432

St Patrick begins mission in Ireland

432-440

Pope Sixtus III, 44th Pope

433-453

Attila the Hun, "Scourge of the Gods"

440-461

Pope Leo I, 45th Pope

444

Letters of Cyril of Alexandria, Arnobius the Younger; church fathers

450

Mark's Resurrection of Jesus added to Bible (Mark 16, 9-20)

450?

Codex Alexandrinus (A): (LXX - 1-2Maccabees + 14_Church_Odes + 27NT +

1-2Clement), missing 1K12:17-14:9, Ps49:20-79:11, Psalms of Solomon,

Mt1-25:6, Jn6:50-8:52, 2Cr4:13-12:6, 1Clement57.7-63.4,

2Clement12.5b-end; of "Alexandrian" text-type: most accurate text-type

450?

Codex Bezae (D): Greek/Latin Gospels + Acts; Codex Washingtonianus (W):

Greek Gospels; both of "Western" text-type: "fondness for paraphrase"

450?

Codex Ephraemi Syri rescriptus (C): Greek LXX + 27NT, many gaps

450?

Codex Marchalianus (Q): Greek LXX + Luke + John, many gaps

450?

Codex Ambrosianus (F): Greek Genesis to Joshua

450?

Codex Freer: Greek Deuteronomy and Joshua

450?

Codex Colberto-Sarravianus: Origen's Greek Hexapla LXX of Gen-Judg

450?

Codex Palatinus it(e): Latin Gospels, "African" (Carthage) text-type

450?

Codex Veronensis it(b): Latin Gospels, "European/Vulgate" text-type

450?

Syr(pal), Palestinian Syriac (Aramaic) Gospels, of "Caesarean" text-type

450?

std. Aramaic Targums, T. Onkelos of Torah, T. Jonathan of Prophets

451

Council of Chalcedon, 4th ecumenical, declared Jesus is 2 natures, both

human and divine in one, a compromise solution of Jesus god/man schisms

451

Nestorius of Constantinople, Nestorians: Mary was *not* "Mother of God"

451

Letters of Hesychius, Quodvultdeus; early Christian church fathers

454

Eutyches of Constantinople, Monophysites: Jesus was divine but not human

455

Vandals sack Rome

457-474

Pope Leo I, 46th Pope, becomes emperor of remaining (eastern) Roman

empire

461-468

Pope Hilarus, 47th Pope

463

Letters of Prosper of Aquitaine, early Christian church father

466

Letters of Shenute of Atripe, Theodoret of Cyrrhus; early church fathers

468-483

Pope Simplicius, 48th Pope

474-491

Zeno, eastern Roman emperor

476

Official end of western Roman empire, last emperor Romulus Augustulus

480-547

St. Benedict, founded the Benedictines

483-492

Pope Felix III (II), 49th Pope

484-640

Period between Great Schism and the destruction of the Library of Alexendria

- After the end of the Roman Empire, the Catholic Church sees a period of

turmoil and division, Europe's population "halved" by plague, great

earthquakes occur

484-519

Acacian schism, over "Henoticon" divides Eastern (Greek) and Western

(Roman) churches. Photinus, deacon of Thessalonica, was of the Greek

church and held to the Acacian heresy, which denied the divine paternity of

Christ. Photinus persuaded emperor Anastasius I to accept the Acacian

heresy.

484

Letters of Vigilius of Thapsus, early Christian church father

489

Zeno destroys Nestorian (451) school at Edessa, erects Church of St Simeon

491

Armenian Church seceds from East (Byzantium) and West (Rome) churches

491-518

Anastasius I eastern Roman emperor

492-496

Pope Gelasius I, 50th Pope, "Vicar of Christ" is first used as another title

496-498

Pope Anastasius II

498

Nestorians (451) settle in Nisibis, Persia

498-514

Pope Symmachus

514-523

Pope Hormisdas

523-526

Pope John I, martyr

498-506

Anti-Pope Lawrence, Lawrencian schism

500

Incense introduced in Christian church service, first plans of Vatican

500?

Codex Sangallensis vg: earliest extant Latin Vulgate, Gospels

500?

Codex Argenteus (got): earliest nearly complete Gothic (German), Gospels

500?

Codex Cottonianus: Greek Genesis

502

Narsai of Mealletha, Syrian poet, heads Nestorian school in Nisibis(498)

518-527

Justin I: emperor of Byzantine (former eastern Roman) empire

524

Boethius, b.480?, Roman Christian philosopher, wrote: "Theological

Tractates", "Consolation of Philosophy"; (Loeb Classics) (Latin)

525

Dionysius Exiguus sets Christian calendar (a.d.) & Jesus' birth @ 23 Dec 1AD

526

Earthquake in Antioch kills 250,000

526-530

Pope Felix IV (III)

527-565

Justinian the Great, Byzantine emperor

527

Letters of Fulgentius, early Christian church father

529

Justinian closes 1000yr Athen's School of Philosophy, declared Paganistic

530-532

Pope Boniface II

530

Anti-Pope Dioscorus

532-535

Pope John II

533

N. Africa captured by Belisarius from Vandals, becomes Byzantine province

534-870

Malta becomes Byzantine province

535-536

Pope Agapitus I

536-537

Pope Silverius, martyr

537-555

Pope Vigilius, involved in death of Pope Silverius, conspired with Justinian

and Theodora, excommunicated by N. African bishops in 550

539-562

War between Byzantine empire and Persia

542

Plague in Constantinople from Egyptian and Syrian rats, spreads to Europe

543

Justinian condemns Origen (254), disastrous earthquakes hit the world

541-546

Codex Fuldensis vg(F): Latin Vulgate, 27NT + Epistle to Laodiceans

544

Justinian condemns the "3 Chapters" of Theodore of Mopsuestia (d.428) and

other writings of "2-natures" Christology of Council of Chalcedon (451)

547

Pope Vigilius issues "Iudicatum" supporting Justinian's anti-"2-natures"

547

Plague reaches Britain

548

Letters of Apringius Pacensis, early Christian church father

550-1453

Medieval Greek of Constantinople (Byzantium) becomes standard Greek

550

Byzantine Greek Text, standard Eastern Bible, much smoothing & conflation

550

St. David converts Wales to Christianity, crucifix becomes Christian icon

550?

Codex Claromontanus (Dp): Greek/Latin Pauline Epistles + Canon of ~250AD

lists 27NT+Barnabas+Hermas+Acts_of_Paul+Apocalypse_of_Peter;

"Western" type

550?

Codex Mediolanensis vg(M): Latin Vulgate Gospels

550?

Codex Veronensis: Greek & Old Latin Psalms

555

2nd Council of Constantinople, 5th ecumenical, called by Justinian

556-561

Pope Pelagius I, selected by Justinian, endorsed "Iudicatum" (547)

561-574

Pope John III, authorized by Justinian

565-578

Justin II, Byzantine emperor

567

Letters of Primasius, Cassiodorus; early Christian church fathers

572-628

War between Byzantine empire and Persia

575-579

Pope Benedict I, authorized by Justin II,

578-582

Tiberius II, Byzantine emperor

579-590

Pope Pelagius II, died of plague

582-602

Maurice, Byzantine emperor

587

Visigoths of Spain converted to Christianity

589

Lombards of Italy converted to Christianity

590

Plague in Rome

590-604

Pope Gregory I, commanded that a way be found to collect and preserve the

singing of the Benedictine monks of Santo Domingo de Silos (now known as

Gregorian Chant)

594

End of plague which began in 542 and "halved" the population of Europe!

596

St. Augustine of Canterbury sent to convert Britain to Christianity

600?

Codex Harleianus vg(Z): Latin Vulgate Gospels

600?

Codex Philoxenian/Harclean Syr(ph/h): Syriac 27NT, "Western" text-type

602-610

Phocas, Byzantine emperor after killing Maurice

604-606

Pope Sabinian, authorized by Phocas

606-607

Pope Boniface III, authorized by Phocas

607-615

Pope Boniface IV, authorized by Phocas

609

Roman Pantheon (a Pagan Temple) renamed Church of Santa Maria Rotonda

610-641

Heraclius, Byzantine emperor after killing Phocas

611

Mohammed's reported vision of Allahon Mount Hira

614

Persians take Damascas and Jerusalem and "Holy Cross of Christ"

615

earliest records of some of Mohammed's teachings

615-618

Pope Deusdedit

619-625

Pope Boniface V, authorized by Heraclius

622-680

Monothelite controversy: condemned at 6th Ecum. Council of Constantinople

622

first year in Muslim calendar, The Hegira, 1a.h., (a.h. = anno hegirae)

624

Mohammed marries Aisha, daughter of Abu Bekr

625

Paulinus of Rome comes to convert Northumbria to Christianity

625-638

Pope Honorius I

625

Mohammed begins dictation of Qur'an (Koran) to his scribe

626

King Edwin of Northumbria founds Edinburgh and begins Christianization

627

Byzantines defeat Persians at Nineveh

628

Emperor Heraclius wins back "Cross of Christ" from Persians

628

Mohammed captures Mecca & writes to rulers of the world explaining Islam

629

Heraclius recovers Jerusalem from Persians

629

Pope Honorius I sides with Emperor Heraclius and Monothelites (622)

632

Mohammed, b. 570?, Arab prophet and founder of Islam

632

East Anglia Christianized

632

Abu Bekr, first Islamic Caliph, seat at Medina

634

Omar I, 2d Caliph, takes Syria/Persia/Egypt;defeats Heraclius in Holy War

635

Christianization of Wessex

635-750

Damascus becomes capital of Islamic Caliphs

636

Southern Irish Church submits to Roman Catholicism

637

Jerusalem captured by Islam

638

Emp. Heraclius' "Ecthesis", decrees Christ of one nature: "Monothelites"

640

Pope Severinus

640

Library of Alexandria, "The Center of Western Culture," with 300,000

ancient papyrus scrolls, is completely distroyed.

640-1380

Period between destruction of Library of Alexandria and the first complete

English translation of the Bible

640-642

Pope John IV

642-649

Pope Theodore I

649-654

Pope Martin I, martyr

654-657

Pope Eugene I

657-673

Pope Vitalian

673-676

Pope Adeodatus II

676-678

Pope Donus

678-682

Pope Agatho

682-684

Pope Leo II

684-685

Pope Benedict II

685-686

Pope John V

686-687

Pope Conon

687

Anti-Pope Theodore

687

Anti-Pope Paschal

687-701

Pope Sergius I

690?

Earliest Bible translations into England's vernacular, continued work by Bede

and others from this point forward

701-705

Pope John VI

705-708

Pope John VII

708

Pope Sisinnius

708-715

Pope Constantine

715-731

Pope Gregory II

731-741

Pope Gregory III

741-752

Pope Zachary

750?

Tower added to St Peter's Basilica at the front of the atrium

752-757

Pope Stephen II (III)

757-768

Pope Paul I

767

Anti-Pope Constantine

768

Anti-Pope Philip

768-772

Pope Stephen III (IV)

772-795

Pope Adrian I

795-816

Pope Leo III

816-817

Pope Stephen IV (V)

817-824

Pope Paschal I

824-827

Pope Eugene II

827

Pope Valentine

827-844

Pope Gregory IV

844

Anti-Pope John

844-847

Pope Sergius II

847-855

Pope Leo IV

850?

King Alfred translation of several Bible books into English vernacular, also

done by Aldhelm and Aelfric

855-858

Pope Benedict III

855

Anti-Pope Anastasius

856

Earthquake in Corinth kills 45,000

858-867

Pope Nicholas I

867-872

Pope Adrian II

872-882

Pope John VII

882-884

Pope Marinus I

884-885

Pope Adrian III

885-891

Pope Stephen V (VI)

891-896

Pope Formosus

896

Pope Boniface VI

896-897

Pope Stephen VI (VII)

897

Pope Romanus

897-898

Pope Theodore II

898-900

Pope John IX

900-903

Pope Benedict IV

903-904

Pope Leo V

903

Anti-Pope Christopher

904-911

Pope Sergius III

911-913

Pope Anastasius III

913-914

Pope Landus

914-928

Pope John X

928

Pope Leo VI

928-931

Pope Stephen VII (VIII)

931-936

Pope John XI

936-939

Pope Leo VII

939-942

Pope Stephen VIII (IX)

942-946

Pope Marinus II